42 FGV HOLDINGS BERHAD NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 3 SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED) (q) Current and deferred income tax (continued) Deferred and income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when the deferred income tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the taxable entity or different taxable entities where there is an intention to settle the balances on a net basis. Tax benefits arising from reinvestment allowance and investment tax allowance is recognised when the tax credit is utilised. (r) Foreign currencies Functional and presentation currency Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“the functional currency”). The financial statements are presented in Ringgit Malaysia (RM), which is the Company’s functional and presentation currency, and the Group’s presentation currency. Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognised in profit or loss. They are deferred in equity if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying net investment hedges or are attributable to part of the net investment in a foreign operation. Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings are presented in the statement of profit or loss, within finance costs. Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Translation differences on assets and liabilities carried at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. For example, translation differences on non-monetary assets and liabilities such as equities held at fair value through profit or loss are recognised in profit or loss as part of the fair value gain or loss and translation differences on non-monetary assets such as equities classified as at fair value through other comprehensive income are recognised in other comprehensive income. Group companies The results and financial position of all Group entities (none of which has the currency of a hyperinflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows: (i) assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that statement of financial position; (ii) income and expenses for each statement of comprehensive income are translated at average rate (unless this average is not reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the dates of the transactions); and (iii) all resulting exchange differences are recognised in the foreign exchange reserve as a separate component of equity. Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entities and translated at closing rate. Exchange differences arising are recognised in other comprehensive income. On consolidation, exchange differences arising from the translation of the net investment in foreign entities and longterm advances are taken to the foreign exchange reserve within equity. When a foreign operation is sold, such exchange differences are recognised in profit or loss as part of the gain or loss on disposal.
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